Etruscan Women

Etruscan Women: An Analysis of Larissa Bofante’s Article The comparisons between the Etruscan, Greek, and Roman way of life are similar in many respects and each contributes to the other, however, each civilization has its differences. The Etruscan society in the 5th to 7th c. BCE was one of luxury, lust, innovation, and they are thought to have been very skilled technicians: these attributes made them stand out among the rest.Larissa Bofante’s article, Daily Life and After Life, points out these distinguishing factors of the Etruscan society that left everyone else envious to what they had, even though most thought them to live barbarically. In Bofante’s article she discusses all aspects of the Etruscan life, from architecture, jewelry, art, religion, sex, wealth, festivities, and more in all great detail. An important aspect that Bofante chooses to discuss in her article is the role of women in the Etruscan society, and this is very important to know when learn ing about their culture.In this analysis, I plan to maintain, as Bofante points out, that women were of much greater importance in the Etruscan culture than in Greece and Rome. Larissa Bofante’s article Daily Life and After Life highlights many points about the Etruscan way of life, and the part that I found to be the most interesting was about Etruscan women. There is substantial evidence to show that they were held at high regard and were considered equal to men.Bofante points out a few passages written from Greek writers and historians who depict scenes of the Etruscan life, she argues that while these may be â€Å"cliche†, the information may have come from eye witness accounts of Greeks who travelled to Etruria: of these scholars there was Theopompus, a Greek Historian of the 4th century BCE and Athenaeus, a Greek writer in 200 AD. Atheneus has a passage written in his book titled, Brilliant Dinner Party Conversation, about women and men dining together and sharin g in multiple sex partners.Women would always dine with their husbands and be seen together in many other aspects of daily life, this was seen as distasteful to the Greeks and was in contrast to the way Greek women acted; the mingling of sexes in this way was not respected in Greek society. Besides the written text, we can see this â€Å"mingling of the sexes† in the art that was coming out of Etruria at that time. Tombs and sarcophagi depicted scenes of festivities and events; Bofante mentions the Sarcophagus of Ramtha Visnai Vulci, with married couple in bed 300 c.BCE. This sarcophagus shows a husband and wife lying with one another, which is a common scene for Etruscan artwork. One of the more famous tomb drawings (not mentioned by Bofante) is the Tomb of the Leopards 480 c. BCE. In this scene, elite men and women are joined together for a banquet, and the woman are not slave girls as in the Greek depictions of similar scenes, they are instead eating alongside the men and celebrating as equals. Etruscan women also had luxurious items like jewels, clothes and toiletries such as mirrors.These mirrors depicted similar scenes on them, all with men and women being displayed together, often married couples together at banquet, and also at home such as the Engraved Mirror with couple standing before a double bed 500 c. BCE. This life style, as stated by Bofante, was seen as â€Å"breach of Greek culture and good taste†, which just further shows the different society that Etruscans had and the role of women in it. Another element in Bofante’s article regarding the high rank of women in the Etruscan culture was that of giving names.A Roman woman for example had no name of her own but was known by her father’s name, this was not the way it was for the Etruscan women however. Bofante mentions that Etruscan funerary inscriptions had the mothers name as well as the father’s name of the deceased on them, and some tomb facades even had w omen’s names alone, which indicates that Etruscan women could own property. All of this shows the â€Å"legal and social importance of Etruscan women. † Larissa Bofante’s article Daily Life and Afterlife, mentions many elements of what we believe the Etruscan society was like.Her article was very factual and listed many aspects of Etruscan life such as architecture, artifacts, mirrors, jewelry, daily activities and more. From depictions and imagery on tombs, mirrors, vases, and written text we can put the pieces together about how they lived. One conclusion that Bofante comes to, as well as many others including myself, is that women of the elite group were thought of as equals to men, or at least they were treated as such.Women attended many events with men and sat alongside them during festivities and banquets, and the husband and wife were shown together in a variety of scenes. Women may have even owned property, and their name was of importance. All of these aspects of Etruscan women highly contrast with what we know about Roman and Greek women. While Bofante discussed many interesting aspects of Etruscan life, the role of women was very important and was a crucial element in her article.

Civil Marriag

Civil Marriage in Lebanon The civil marriage and secular status debate is not new. However, the recent marriage of Khouloud and Nidal brought back the issue to the national spotlight. While this attempt is welcomed by many secular activists and youth groups, an outrage from Islamic institution is strongly contradicting and frightening. In her article â€Å"Lebanese’s Civil Marriage debate highlights sectarian rule (article number one),† Nada Akl supports civil marriage and considers it an opportunity to revisit the Lebanese personal status law.However, the Grand Mufti Mohamad Rashid Qabbani issues a fatwa against any move to legalize civil marriage in the country. The two activists tackle the topic from two opposing points of view, and Nada Akel succeeds more in effecting on the population and dragging them to her side. Civil marriage was first debated in the 1990s before the government of the Prime Minister Rafiq Al Hariri rejected it. Personal status law was lobbied f or and advocated by civil society groups in the name of personal rights and democracy. However, the result was always a complete failure.The couple, Khouloud and Nidal, attempted to fight for their right and get the approval for their marriage. Their attempt is now supported by great activists such as Nada Akel, yet a big party of the Lebanese refuses it due to their cultural and religious mentalities. In her article â€Å"number one,† Nada Akel succeeds in dragging the population to her side and convincing them. Her article is effective because she presents her ideas in a well-organized and adequate way. She opens her article with a short anecdote about a couple who has struggled a lot before overcoming all the obstacles and making its dream come true.This example illustrates real concerns and problems faced by the Lebanese society especially the young rising generation. This relation adds credibility to the text by giving it a sense of reality and not only an abstract image which has nothing to do with real life. Besides, she strongly supports her position by stating factual data based on law. As an example, she explains that people with no religious affiliation have the right to get married in this fashion based on the decree number 60 of a 1936 law ( Akel, para. umber 1). In addition, I predict that she gains the readers’ respect since she establishes her counterargument with no bias; on the contrary, she is very neutral and fair to her opponents. Akel seems to be peaceful in her article, for she does not attack nor offend her opposite views and opinions. By defending civil marriage, she also highlights indirectly its advantages because it diminishes our sectarian and divided culture by making people accept the differences and create a unifying society.On the other hand, Grand Mufti Mohamad Rashid Qabbani denies civil marriage and declares a religious edict against those who support or endorse it. Qabbani seems to be masterful and wise in his attempt to drag the Lebanese Muslim population to his side by forcing them to fight civil marriage if they wish to gain the pleasure of God – or at least making those who are far from radicalism take the middle ground. Moreover, Grand Mufti seems to be more threatening the population rather than being informing them.Instead of explaining religious concepts, he fills his fatwa with warnings and threats. Qabbani brands that any Muslim who approves this marriage is going to be expelled and will not be buried in an Islamic cemetery. Furthermore, Grand Mufti’s comments on civil marriage seem to be fiery and disrespectful to all the couples who have got married in this fashion. In his fatwa, the Mufti states it clearly that he considers this attempt to be adultery, and the children of such married couple are illegitimate.He also displays a profound contempt for his opponents in describing them as predators to the Islam. Needless to say, I find that the Mufti is violently at tacking the freedom of choice in Lebanon. Perhaps, our Mufti has forgotten that â€Å"Lebanon is a parliament democratic republic based on respect for public liberties especially the freedom of opinion† (Segment c of the Lebanese constitution). To conclude, the love story of Nidal and Khouloud brought back the attention to the existing debate about civil marriage.In my opinion, Grand Mufti Qabbani should lessen his tension and hatred towards his opponents and learn to accept the different existing opinions that sometimes contradict his. By demonstrating this rough attitude, Qabbani is destroying the real and peaceful image of Islam and therefore he cannot represent the whole Lebanese Muslim population. Meanwhile, Nada Akel’s argument strongly convinces me, and it appears to me that civil marriage is the only way out to establish a civil country.She makes me really sit down and question myself: â€Å"If my real true love was from another religion, would I struggle for the rest of my life in order to just be happy? Is that so much to ask for in a country like Lebanon? † Work Citied Page Akel, Nada, â€Å"Lebanon’s civil marriage debate highlights sectarian rule†, THE DAILY STAR. † Breaking News, Lebanon News, Middle East News & World News, 12 Feb 2013, Web 1 March 2013. http://www. dailystar. com. lb/Opinion/Commentary/2-13/Feb-12/206063-lebanons-civil-marriage-debate-highlits-sectarian-rule. ashx#axzz2MENEAnht. Qabbani, Mohammad, â€Å"Fatwa†, 28 January 2013

International Business Case Study Essay

Q. 1 (Chapter 2) Describe Ugandan cultural attributes that might affect the operations of a foreign company doing business there. Uganda is a country of 25 million people. The official language is English. A significant portion of the population spoke the indigenous language. Two-thirds of Ugandans are Christians (Roman Catholics and Anglicans). Muslim and animist communities are found in urban areas. Uganda has a history of violence and corruption. The dictatorship of General Idi Amin had left thousands dead in the countryside. A large number of Ugandan refugees fled to neighboring countries of Rwanda, Zaire, and Sudan. Nepotism may also be considered a norm in government. Indeed, the Ugandan government is considered to be the most corrupt in the world. For HG to complete its power plant project, it must consider the following facts: 1) government transactions are usually impersonal and familial in nature, 2) any foreign company which plan to invest in the country must observe its traditionalist stance on financial issues, 3) hiring is usually conducted by word of mouth, and 4) some business practices in Uganda are unethical in the United States, and 5) the Ugandan government is prone to bribery and violence (a foreign company operating in Uganda must face the prospect of bribery and extra-government negotiations). Q. 2 Who was right, Green or Martin, about Martin’s more controversial actions in facilitating the project? How might things have turned out if Martin had not been a member of the project team? Green is right about two things. First, it would be irresponsible on the part of Martin to isolate himself from his colleagues. For example, Martin could certainly afford to live in one of the upscale neighborhoods that were home to most foreign managers working in the country’s capital. Martin, defying corporate ‘rule of thumb’ preferred a middle-class Ugandan neighborhood and declined to frequent the places where fellow expatriates typically gathered. Martin’s actions may lead to a conflict in the coordination process, as far as the project is concerned. Second, much of the problem lies with Martin’s hiring practices. Martin had developed the practice of personally mentioning job openings to local people. The practice is beneficial in some respects. For example, ‘hiring the niece of a high-ranking customs officer couldn’t hurt when it came to getting import clearances’ (case, 4). The problem with this practice is that, if word reached ‘the higher echelons of the Ugandan government, HG would find itself dealing with people in a position to demand large payments for such services as, say, not finding the excuse to delay the project’ (case, 4). If the international business community found that HG is engaging in unethical business behavior, then it will damage the image of the company. In retrospect, Martin’s ‘adaptation’ strategy seems to be ‘out of bounds’ and excessive. Indeed, it will be beneficial for the company to replace Martin with a more pragmatic successor to complete the project. Note that the time lag between project completion and phasing is the same whether or not Martin is in the position of project director. Indeed, if Martin is retained as project director, he will still face the difficulty of completing the project on time due to cultural and political constraints (opposition from tribes and the prospect of politicking). Q. 1 (Chapter 11) What is eBay’s core competency? How does it relate to its chosen strategy?  The company’s core competency depends on its long-term objectives: supporting interaction in the eBay community by providing an online framework to valued buyers and clients, upholding the principles of trust and safety, insuring low fraud losses and protection to community members, and focusing on market efficiency in the delivery of products. The company’s distribution system demands little supervision. Most sellers pay eBay for the design, production, restructuring, and monitoring of products and auction prices. In practical terms, eBay has been the primary source of income for many sellers. Indeed, this is part of the company’s competency program – to extend its market niche and ensure financial continuity within a broad consumer base. Q. 5 What are the implications to the challenges identified in the case regarding eBay’s strategy – today and in the future? The company claims that it can transform the international business marketplace in ways that will create more jobs and opportunities for exporters and importers. It also claims that it can help impoverished nations and improve efficiency in the global market. The point of the company’s claims is: the virtual market is the future of economic development. The claims are not only absurd but totally out of view. At present, it is the manufacturing and service sectors which comprise the core of the global economy. If the company’s framework is the future of economic development, then it must be restructured to suit these conditions. Indeed, it is irresponsible on the part of the company to assume that its developmental framework is the ‘rule of thumb’ of the global corporate world (a fallacy indeed).

The Impact of Marxism on Western Civilization Assignment

The Impact of Marxism on Western Civilization - Assignment Example A system of social and economic analysis, Marxism came into existence during The Enlightenment era; a period in time characterized by widespread slavery, pervasive disenfranchisement of the right of women to vote, extreme discrimination of the poor, particularly in Europe, and imperialism that saw jostling for resources by the European powers extended to Africa and the far east. To be sure, the world was under the control of a handful of extremely wealthy lords, yet scientific modes of production were at the early stages of development; man [the poor] was basically the source of wealth amassed and concentrated in the few hands. Essentially, Marxism developed out of philosophical materialism; a view that events in the universe follow the laws of nature and that the notion of superhuman upheld by fore-agents of capitalism is headed for a crumble and the subsequent takeover by communism someday. Marx's theoretical analysis centered upon the idea that social systems rise and fall as a re sult of the obstructive impediments to the development of collective, human productive power. In his analysis, the convergence of history and economics would be the causal effect to the ultimate breakdown of capitalism, arguing that historical processes evolved towards the realization of the inevitable pre-determined moral ideals. Noteworthy, Karl Marx was the pioneer thinker to boldly and comprehensively bring to the fore the understanding that the working class were the engine to a prosperous society., and thus are crucially fundamental in determining its course. In his theory of dialectical materialism, a theory share by Engels, Marx believed that everything in the universe revolves around materialism, and that the defined boundaries of encroachment are just but man-made concepts that are nonexistent in the Absolute state of nature (Shimp 37). Marx argues that there can be no freedom for the great mass of the working class as long as economic control [the vast resources] remains in the hands of the few political favorites; an unpalatable argument to the liberals who support the right to hold economic power and the subsequent freedom of its usage as the owner(s) may deem fit. According to Marx’s theory of historical materialism, capitalism was/is a social evil constantly under transformative economic forces towards a system that guarantees equality of mankind. Friedrich Engels, Marx’s longtime friend and coauthor, notes that Marx’s theory of Historical Materialism was a â€Å"law of development of human history†

Apple's Adaptation to Global, Economic and Social Changes Since 1990 Essay

Apple's Adaptation to Global, Economic and Social Changes Since 1990 - Essay Example Steve Jobs came back again as the interim Chief Executive Officer , he laid down the strategies and the goals systemically and started off by building the Macintosh franchise and made an addition of an operating system which was developed at Next Inc. ‘Apple, the Silicon Valley company that has become an icon of personal computing, rose to its greatest heights in the years after Mr. Jobs returned to its helm and opened horizons beyond the desktop.’ (Apple Incorporated (AAPL) News - Company Information - The New York Times) ‘Rather than growing Apple share, as originally planned , cloners instead took Mac sales away from Apple. Next , Jobs created the machines that would save Apple, the iMac’(O'GRADY, J. D., Apple Inc 2009). ‘Apple needed experienced leadership if it was going to grow as rapidly as called in the business plan.’(LINZMAYER, O. W., & LINZMAYER, O. W, Apple confidential 2.0 2004) The revolution took place in the music industry with t he introduction of the iPod music player , and changed the course of the consumer electronics in the favour of Apple. And the market share increased even more when the iTunes Music Store was launched which assisted the users in filling their iPods with their favourite songs(Apple Incorporated (AAPL) News - Company Information - The New York Times). ... rporated (AAPL) News - Company Information - The New York Times) The global economic crisis was not successful in affecting the strong position of the company and within a matter of few years , Apple was declared as the largest company of the world in terms of the market capitalization and announced as the entity which had the most liquid assets.( U.S. balance now less than Apple cash | Financial Post) What made Apple the market leader was the introduction of the smart phones, for which it has now become the market leader. Currently in the smart phone industry, Apple is enjoying the record breaking sales revenue and the profits , showing that the entity adapted very well to the technological advancements in the world. It has become the conqueror of this industry. ‘Apple had an amazing impact on the technology, society and the world. And it continues to innovate to this day’ (O'GRADY, J. D., Apple Inc 2009). Furthermore, the success of the smart phones pushed the entity t o consider the idea of a tablet device which was rejected by Jobs back in 2005. iPad was another fine contribution made by Apple, making the entity the pioneer in the tablets industry. Recently Apple introduced the third generation tablet for which it is already reporting the record breaking sales. ‘Apple also said iPad users had downloaded more than one million apps from the company’s App Store and more than 250,000 electronic books from its iBookstore.’ (Apple Incorporated (AAPL) News - Company Information - The New York Times) ‘Apple is sitting just about as close to the top of the world as possible right now. The world’s most valuable company, it’s got a market capitalization flirting again with the $500 billion mark, and even a flash crash in morning trading on Monday didn’t bring

Michelangelo's Statue of David Personal Statement

Michelangelo's Statue of David - Personal Statement Example There was not enough physical power in the city and the citizens were hoping for a power of their minds only. Cunningness and cleverness were two basic means for Firenze citizens to gain power over their enemies. Michelangelo dared to depict a mental power of citizens and to show that a beautiful body can have a cunning mind, which can gain victory over more powerful enemies. The superior enemies could have been fought only through some unusual strategies. Michelangelo’s David was identified with strength and anger. It was unusual for time of the artist to show the dominance of the nation through numerous political connotations, which were evident in the statue. Actually, the main intention of the artist was to create a symbol of power and strength of the citizens. The project of this statue was initiated long ago and Michelangelo implemented his ideas in already existent statue. Numerous artists worked at it. Donatello and Agostino di Duccio were the first ones to work at the statue. di Duccio was responsible for creation of the legs of the statue. Antonio Rossellino continued his ideas, but a final masterpiece was finished and polished by Michelangelo (Lieberman 2001, p. 67). A body of a young man is preparing for the battle with Goliath and it can be seen in his brave appearance. A spirit of intensity can be seen in bulging veins on a hand and his leaning body. It looks like David gets prepared for a serious and a decisive action. There are certain features, which were appropriate for the epoch of Michelangelo. Thus, a position of the contrapposto was relevant to the High Renaissance. He leans on his right leg and hi left leg is relaxed. We can see that a left arm is in motion and his right hand hangs along his body. It is very natural of a person, who is ready for action and is thinking about his further actions. For the contemporaries it is unusual to find that David was on alert and made attempt to attack his enemies. They are more focused on his s erenity and beauty of body lines. What is weird about this statue is that David has unrealistic proportions. The lower parts of the body are smaller than a head and the upper part of the body. Hands of David seem to be very large too. Initially, there was an intention to place this statue high on a church and then parts of the body would have looked accurate. The real king David was circumcised, but the statue is not. This triggers other controversies. Unfortunately, in the modern times a statue was attacked by the vandals and in 1991 some toes of the left foot were damaged. A power of beauty is combined in the works by Michelangelo with a power of expressivity, feelings and a proper balancing (Condivi 1999, p. 57). These features are beyond traditions of Greek classicism. The facial expression was unusual for Greek sculpture and a power of David is found in his restrain and inner ability of self- and energy control. His power is in his serenity. He looks calm and his eyes are fixed on his enemy, but he is not scared at all. The muscles of the forehead reflect his inner emotional tension (Olson 1992, p. 65). We can suppose that he feels anger and frustration. Michelangelo invented a central axis positioning of the statue. For example, the right side reflects serenity, while the left side reflects dynamism and activity. The viewers cannot see both David’s eyes. His right eye is focused on Goliath and the left eye stays fixed. Michelangelo played with different artistic

Economic and Political Motives for European Expansion into Africa Essay

Economic and Political Motives for European Expansion into Africa - Essay Example Missionaries persuaded their respective European governments to colonize Africa and thereby provide a supportive environment for the expansion of commerce. European powers used mineral exploitation, large-scale agricultural production, mixed economies as well as the supply of labor as modes of economic activity to generate revenue in colonial Africa. The major political reason that led to European expansion in Africa was political rivalries between the countries. England and France loathed one another for a considerable length of time due to the infamous hundred year’s war, and they both wanted to outdo each other in Africa. Nonetheless, the race for power was not limited to France and Britain. Other European nations wanted to benefit as well. Nationalism was popular among most western European nations as each nation wanted to be strongest. Nationalism is a strong identification with and pride in one's nation.This resulted in competition between European powers leading to wars . This competition made most nations to acquire more territories to uphold the spirit of nationalism in order to be seen superior than other nations. The strategy was another political reason for colonization of Africa. Most European countries were keen to maintain control of specific territories for strategic reasons. The British considered that South Africa offered a useful stop for ships on their way to India. Besides, the Suez Canal in Egypt significantly created a much shorter route between the UK and her colonies further east.

Geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Geography - Essay Example ch has focused on so-called transitions or changes in the population’s death rates and birth rates, as they pertain to populations in the industrialized world, stretching back two centuries. The model has four stages: stage 1, known as the pre-modern stage; stage 2, or the urbanizing/industrializing stage; stage 3, or the mature industrial stage; and stage 4, or the post-industrial stage. The early stages are characterized by high CBR and high CDR figures, at around 35-40 for every thousand. At stage four, or the post-industrial stage, the population is at its highest, even as CBR and CDR figures are at their lowest, at around 10 for every thousand people. In the model, the CBR and CDR figures trend downwards slowly from stage 1 to stage 2, but the downwards trend accelerates at stage 3, until the figures plateu at stage 4, at the levels described above, around 10 for every 1,000 population. The stages of the model, and the CDR, CBR, and population figures for every stage, are identified and plotted in this graph by way of illustration (Montgomery; Lee 167-190; Galor 1-10): In the plot above, the large population at stage 4 and the low CBR and CDR figures there are graphically illustrated. In the first stage, the birth and death rates are similar, with CBR being only fractionally larger than CDR, so that the population was almost static, and population doubling was measured in thousands of years. Stage One is characterized by high levels of infant mortality, from poor hygiene that resulted in many diseases such as diarrhea and cholera. With the advent of industrialization and urbanization. Medicine was also archaic at that time, with knowledge on disease management and prevention being basic or unavailable altogether, and the threat of hunger from famines eventually coming to pass. The high death rates countered the effect of high birth rates, or CBR, at this stage (Montgomery; Lee 167-190; Galor 1-10). In the industrialization and urbanization stage, or stage

Negative Effects of a Monopoly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Negative Effects of a Monopoly - Essay Example A monopoly reduces consumers’ purchasing power through the increase in the price of services or products. Being the only provider of service or product, the company in power sets the rate at its own will. An example of that is the Pfizer Company, the maker of the Viagra pill, that charged customers a lot because no other pill could be compared to Viagra in effect. Consumers are thus forced to pay a higher price for a service or product that is not actually worth that price. Such system leads to a decline in the standard of living and wellbeing of the society. A monopoly equips the sole vendor to reduce the quality of service or product. As there is no competitor in the market, the sole provider knows that consumers have no option but to purchase the service or product even with a lower quality. The sole provider does not feel obliged to invest much in the business in terms of resources and accordingly, the end product does not measure up to the required standard of quality. A monopoly creates unemployment. As more and more businesses are driven out of the market because of the power of the sole provider, people employed in those businesses become jobless. They either have to regain skills related to another profession or somehow become part of the sole provider. Either way, these jobless people have to go through a lot of emotional, psychological, and financial problems to achieve their destination. Many people with higher skills, hence, have to work at much lower salaries than what would be justified considering their level of education and skills.

Problem solving Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Problem solving - Case Study Example d, 2015), the job vacancy at Connections of New York require the applicant to demonstrate superior knowledge of Oracle database features, tuning and design methodologies (Connections of New York, 2015). The other difference is that the senior NoSQL/MySQL database administrator is to be responsible for engaging in assembling, managing, and maintaining a heterogeneous database environment in the technical operations group (Softworld, 2015). On the other hand, the position of a senior oracle database administrator requires a person with proven technical and architect skills who have the ability to communicate effectively with developers along with other teams of database administrators (Connections of New York, 2015). At Connections of New York the database administrator is tasked with managing and maintaining all Oracle production and non-production databases, design and fix the functioning of the backup and recovery on DBMS, optimize Oracle database resources for optimum database perf ormance, maintaining Oracle availability on various platforms, carrying out short-term and long-term database analysis, creating database administration polices, mentoring database developers on new database technology, and finally, designing and implementing standards for monitoring (Connections of New York, 2015). On the other hand, the database administrator at Softworld is responsible for ensuring data systems are operating smoothly, writing and performing DDL as well as DDL as needed, audit different databases to ensure integrity, carrying out upgrades, working with the data engineering team, and managing storage restructuring as needed, installing patches as required, and deal with database situations, such as queries run amok, replication, and stale stocks (Softworld, 2015). The average salary for a senior database administrator in New York is $ 122,271 annually, according to the United States Department of Labor. Connections of New York. (2015). Database Administrator Senior,

Audit Consultant Essay Example for Free

Audit Consultant Essay The Science of Scientific Writing If the reader is to grasp what the writer means, the writer must understand what the reader needs George D. Gopen and Judith A. Swan* *George D. Gopen is associate professor of English and Director of Writing Programs at Duke University. He holds a Ph. D. in English from Harvard University and a J. D. from Harvard Law School. Judith A. Swan teaches scientific writing at Princeton University. Her Ph. D. , which is in biochemistry, was earned at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Address for Gopen: 307 Allen Building, Duke University, Durham, NC 27706 Science is often hard to read. Most people assume that its difficulties are born out of necessity, out of the extreme complexity of scientific concepts, data and analysis. We argue here that complexity of thought need not lead to impenetrability of expression; we demonstrate a number of rhetorical principles that can produce clarity in communication without oversimplifying scientific issues. The results are substantive, not merely cosmetic: Improving the quality of writing actually improves the quality of thought. The fundamental purpose of scientific discourse is not the mere presentation of information and thought, but rather its actual communication. It does not matter how pleased an author might be to have converted all the right data into sentences and paragraphs; it matters only whether a large majority of the reading audience accurately perceives what the author had in mind. Therefore, in order to understand how best to improve writing, we would do well to understand better how readers go about reading. Such an understanding has recently become available through work done in the fields of rhetoric, linguistics and cognitive psychology. It has helped to produce a methodology based on the concept of reader expectations. Writing with the Reader in Mind: Expectation and Context Readers do not simply read; they interpret. Any piece of prose, no matter how short, may mean in 10 (or more) different ways to 10 different readers. This methodology of reader expectations is founded on the recognition that readers make many of their most important interpretive decisions about the substance of prose based on clues they receive from its structure. This interplay between substance and structure can be demonstrated by something as basic as a simple table. Let us say that in tracking the temperature of a liquid over a period of time, an investigator takes measurements every three minutes and records a list of temperatures. Those data could be presented by a number of written structures. Here are two possibilities: t(time)=15’, T(temperature)=32? , t=0’, T=25? ; t=6’, T=29? ; t=3’, T=27? ; t=12’, T=32? ; t=9’; T=31? time (min) 0 3 6 9 12 15 temperature(? C) 25 27 29 31 32 32 Precisely the same information appears in both formats, yet most readers find the second easier to interpret. It may be that the very familiarity of the tabular structure makes it easier to use. But, more significantly, the structure of the second table provides the reader with an easily perceived context (time) in which the significant piece of information (temperature) can be interpreted. The contextual material appears on the left in a pattern that produces an expectation of regularity; the interesting results appear on the right in a less obvious pattern, the discovery of which is the point of the table. If the two sides of this simple table are reversed, it becomes much harder to read. temperature(? C) 25 27 29 31 32 32 time(min) 0 3 6 9 12 15. Since we read from left to right, we prefer the context on the left, where it can more effectively familiarize the reader. We prefer the new, important information on the right, since its job is to intrigue the reader. Information is interpreted more easily and more uniformly if it is placed where most readers expect to find it. These needs and expectations of readers affect the interpretation not only of tables and illustrations but also of prose itself. Readers have relatively fixed expectations about where in the structure of prose they will encounter particular items of its substance. If writers can become consciously aware of these locations, they can better control the degrees of recognition and emphasis a reader will give to the various pieces of information being presented. Good writers are intuitively aware of these expectations; that is why their prose has what we call shape. This underlying concept of reader expectation is perhaps most immediately evident at the level of the largest units of discourse. (A unit of discourse is defined as anything with a beginning and an end: a clause, a sentence, a section, an article, etc. ) A research article, for example, is generally divided into recognizable sections, sometimes labeled Introduction, Experimental Methods, Results and Discussion. When the sections are confusedwhen too much experimental detail is found in the Results section, or when discussion and results interminglereaders are often equally confused. In smaller units of discourse the functional divisions are not so explicitly labeled, but readers have definite expectations all the same, and they search for certain information in particular places. If these structural expectations are continually violated, readers are forced to divert energy from understanding the content of a passage to unraveling its structure. As the complexity of the context increases moderately, the possibility of misinterpretation or noninterpretation increases dramatically. We present here some results of applying this methodology to research reports in the scientific literature. We have taken several passages from research articles (either published or accepted for publication) and have suggested ways of rewriting them by applying principles derived from the study of reader expectations. We have not sought to transform the passages into plain English for the use of the general public; we have neither decreased the jargon nor diluted the science. We have striven not for simplification but for clarification. Reader Expectations for the Structure of Prose Here is our first example of scientific prose, in its original form: The smallest of the URF’s (URFA6L), a 207-nucleotide (nt) reading frame overlapping out of phase the NH2-terminal portion of the adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) subunit 6 gene has been identified as the animal equivalent of the recently discovered yeast H+-ATPase subunit 8 gene. The functional significance of the other URF’s has been, on the contrary, elusive. Recently, however, immunoprecipitation experiments with antibodies to purified, rotenone-sensitive NADH-ubiquinone oxido-reductase [hereafter referred to as respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase or complex I] from bovine heart, as well as enzyme fractionation studies, have indicated that six human URF’s (that is, URF1, URF2, URF3, URF4, URF4L, and URF5, hereafter referred to as ND1, ND2, ND3, ND4, ND4L, and ND5) encode subunits of complex I. This is a large complex that also contains many subunits synthesized in the cytoplasm. * [*The full paragraph includes one more sentence: Support for such functional identification of the URF products has come from the finding that the purified rotenone-sensitive NADH dehydrogenase from Neurospora crassa contains several subunits synthesized within the mitochondria, and from the observation that the stopper mutant of Neurospora crassa, whose mtDNA lacks two genes homologous to URF2 and URF3, has no functional complex I. We have omitted this sentence both because the passage is long enough as is and because it raises no additional structural issues. ] Ask any ten people why this paragraph is hard to read, and nine are sure to mention the technical vocabulary; several will also suggest that it requires specialized background knowledge. Those problems turn out to be only a small part of the difficulty. Here is the passage again, with the difficult words temporarily lifted: The smallest of the URF’s, and [A], has been identified as a [B] subunit 8 gene. The functional significance of the other URF’s has been, on the contrary, elusive. Recently, however, [C] experiments, as well as [D] studies, have indicated that six human URF’s [1-6] encode subunits of Complex I. This is a large complex that also contains many subunits synthesized in the cytoplasm. It may now be easier to survive the journey through the prose, but the passage is still difficult. Any number of questions present themselves: What has the first sentence of the passage to do with the last sentence? Does the third sentence contradict what we have been told in the second sentence? Is the functional significance of URF’s still elusive? Will this passage lead us to further discussion about URF’s, or about Complex I, or both? Information is interpreted more easily and more  uniformly if it is placed where most readers expect to find it. Knowing a little about the subject matter does not clear up all the confusion. The intended audience of this passage would probably possess at least two items of essential technical information: first, URF stands for Uninterrupted Reading Frame, which describes a segment of DNA organized in such a way that it could encode a protein, although no such protein product has yet been identified; second, both APTase and NADH oxido-reductase are enzyme complexes central to energy metabolism. Although this information may provide some sense of comfort, it does little to answer the interpretive questions that need answering. It seems the reader is hindered by more than just the scientific jargon. To get at the problem, we need to articulate something about how readers go about reading. We proceed to the first of several reader expectations. Subject-Verb Separation Look again at the first sentence of the passage cited above. It is relatively long, 42 words; but that turns out not to be the main cause of its burdensome complexity. Long sentences need not be difficult to read; they are only difficult to write. We have seen sentences of over 100 words that flow easily and persuasively toward their clearly demarcated destination. Those well-wrought serpents all had something in common: Their structure presented information to readers in the order the readers needed and expected it. Beginning with the exciting material and ending with a lack of luster often leaves us disappointed and destroys our sense of momentum. The first sentence of our example passage does just the opposite: it burdens and obstructs the reader, because of an all-too-common structural defect. Note that the grammatical subject (the smallest) is separated from its verb (has been identified) by 23 words, more than half the sentence. Readers expect a grammatical subject to be followed immediately by the verb. Anything of length that intervenes between subject and verb is read as an interruption, and therefore as something of lesser importance. The reader’s expectation stems from a pressing need for syntactic resolution, fulfilled only by the arrival of the verb. Without the verb, we do not know what the subject is doing, or what the sentence is all about. As a result, the reader focuses attention on the arrival of the verb and resists recognizing anything in the interrupting material as being of primary importance. The longer the interruption lasts, the more likely it becomes that the interruptive material actually contains important information; but its structural location will continue to brand it as merely interruptive. Unfortunately, the reader will not discover its true value until too late-until the sentence has ended without having produced anything of much value outside of that subject-verb interruption. In this first sentence of the paragraph, the relative importance of the intervening material is difficult to evaluate. The material might conceivably be quite significant, in which case the writer should have positioned it to reveal that importance. Here is one way to incorporate it into the sentence structure: The smallest of the URF’s is URFA6L, a 207-nucleotide (nt) reading frame overlapping out of phase the NH2-terminal portion of the adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) subunit 6 gene; it has been identified as the animal equivalent of the recently discovered yeast H+-ATPase subunit 8 gene. On the other hand, the intervening material might be a mere aside that diverts attention from more important ideas; in that case the writer should have deleted it, allowing the prose to drive more directly toward its significant point: The smallest of the URF’s (URFA6L) has been identified as the animal equivalent of the recently discovered yeast H+-ATPase subunit 8 gene. Only the author could tell us which of these revisions more accurately reflects his intentions. These revisions lead us to a second set of reader expectations. Each unit of discourse, no matter what the size, is expected to serve a single function, to make a single point. In the case of a sentence, the point is expected to appear in a specific place reserved for emphasis. The Stress Position It is a linguistic commonplace that readers naturally emphasize the material that arrives at the end of a sentence. We refer to that location as a stress position. If a writer is consciously aware of this tendency, she can arrange for the emphatic information to appear at the moment the reader is naturally exerting the greatest reading emphasis. As a result, the chances greatly increase that reader and writer will perceive the same material as being worthy of primary emphasis. The very structure of the sentence thus helps persuade the reader of the relative values of the sentence’s contents. The inclination to direct more energy to that which arrives last in a sentence seems to correspond to the way we work at tasks through time. We tend to take something like a mental breath as we begin to read each new sentence, thereby summoning the tension with which we pay attention to the unfolding of the syntax. As we recognize that the sentence is drawing toward its conclusion, we begin to exhale that mental breath. The exhalation produces a sense of emphasis. Moreover, we delight in being rewarded at the end of a labor with something that makes the ongoing effort worthwhile. Beginning with the exciting material and ending with a lack of luster often leaves us disappointed and destroys our sense of momentum. We do not start with the strawberry shortcake and work our way up to the broccoli. When the writer puts the emphatic material of a sentence in any place other than the stress position, one of two things can happen; both are bad. First, the reader might find the stress position occupied by material that clearly is not worthy of emphasis. In this case, the reader must discern, without any additional structural clue, what else in the sentence may be the most likely candidate for emphasis. There are no secondary structural indications to fall back upon. In sentences that are long, dense or sophisticated, chances soar that the reader will not interpret the prose precisely as the writer intended. The second possibility is even worse: The reader may find the stress position occupied by something that does appear capable of receiving emphasis, even though the writer did not intend to give it any stress. In that case, the reader is highly likely to emphasize this imposter material, and the writer will have lost an important opportunity to influence the reader’s interpretive process. The stress position can change in size from sentence to sentence. Sometimes it consists of a single word; sometimes it extends to several lines. The definitive factor is this: The stress position coincides with the moment of syntactic closure. A reader has reached the beginning of the stress position when she knows there is nothing left in the clause or sentence but the material presently being read. Thus a whole list, numbered and indented, can occupy the stress position of a sentence if it has been clearly announced as being all that remains of that sentence. Each member of that list, in turn, may have its own internal stress position, since each member may produce its own syntactic closure. Within a sentence, secondary stress positions can be formed by the appearance of a properly used colon or semicolon; by grammatical convention, the material preceding these punctuation marks must be able to stand by itself as a complete sentence. Thus, sentences can be extended effortlessly to dozens of words, as long as there is a medial syntactic closure for every piece of new, stress-worthy information along the way. One of our revisions of the initial sentence can serve as an example: The smallest of the URF’s is URFA6L, a 207-nucleotide (nt) reading frame overlapping out of phase the NH2-terminal portion of the adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) subunit 6 gene; it has been identified as the animal equivalent of the recently discovered yeast H+-ATPase subunit 8 gene. By using a semicolon, we created a second stress position to accommodate a second piece of information that seemed to require emphasis. We now have three rhetorical principles based on reader expectations: First, grammatical subjects should be followed as soon as possible by their verbs; second, every unit of discourse, no matter the size, should serve a single function or make a single point; and, third, information intended to be emphasized should appear at points of syntactic closure. Using these principles, we can begin to unravel the problems of our example prose. Note the subject-verb separation in the 62-word third sentence of the original passage: Recently, however, immunoprecipitation experiments with antibodies to purified, rotenone-sensitive NADH-ubiquinone oxido-reductase [hereafter referred to as respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase or complex I] from bovine heart, as well as enzyme fractionation studies, have indicated that six human URF’s (that is, URF1, URF2, URF3, URF4, URF4L, and URF5,  hereafter referred to as ND1, ND2, ND3, ND4, ND4L and ND5) encode subunits of complex I. After encountering the subject (experiments), the reader must wade through 27 words (including three hyphenated compound words, a parenthetical interruption and an as well as phrase) before alighting on the highly uninformative and disappointingly anticlimactic verb (have indicated). Without a moment to recover, the reader is handed a that clause in which the new subject (six human URF’s) is separated from its verb (encode) by yet another 20 words. If we applied the three principles we have developed to the rest of the sentences of the example, we could generate a great many revised versions of each. These revisions might differ significantly from one another in the way their structures indicate to the reader the various weights and balances to be given to the information. Had the author placed all stress-worthy material in stress positions, we as a reading community would have been far more likely to interpret these sentences uniformly. We couch this discussion in terms of likelihood  because we believe that meaning is not inherent in discourse by itself; meaning requires the combined participation of text and reader. All sentences are infinitely interpretable, given an infinite number of interpreters. As communities of readers, however, we tend to work out tacit agreements as to what kinds of meaning are most likely to be extracted from certain articulations. We cannot succeed in making even a single sentence mean one and only one thing; we can only increase the odds that a large majority of readers will tend to interpret our discourse according to our intentions. Such success will follow from authors becoming more consciously aware of the various reader expectations presented here. W e cannot succeed in making even a single sentence mean one and only one thing; we can only increase the odds that a large majority of readers will tend to interpret our discourse according to our intentions. Here is one set of revisionary decisions we made for the example: The smallest of the URF’s, URFA6L, has been identified as the animal equivalent of the recently discovered yeast H+-ATPase subunit 8 gene; but the functional significance of other URF’s has been more elusive. Recently, however, several human URF’s have been shown to encode subunits of rotenone-sensitive NADH-ubiquinone oxido-reductase. This is a large complex that also contains many subunits synthesized in the cytoplasm; it will be referred to hereafter as respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase or complex I. Six subunits of Complex I were shown by enzyme fractionation studies and immunoprecipitation experiments to be encoded by six human URF’s (URF1, URF2, URF3, URF4, URF4L, and URF5); these URF’s will be referred to subsequently as ND1, ND2, ND3, ND4, ND4L and ND5. Sheer length was neither the problem nor the solution. The revised version is not noticeably shorter than the original; nevertheless, it is significantly easier to interpret. We have indeed deleted certain words, but not on the basis of wordiness or excess length. (See especially the last sentence of our revision. ) When is a sentence too long? The creators of readability formulas would have us believe there exists some fixed number of words (the favorite is 29) past which a sentence is too hard to read. We disagree. We have seen 10-word sentences that are virtually impenetrable  and, as we mentioned above, 100-word sentences that flow effortlessly to their points of resolution. In place of the word-limit concept, we offer the following definition: A sentence is too long when it has more viable candidates for stress positions than there are stress positions available. Without the stress position’s locational clue that its material is intended to be emphasized, readers are left too much to their own devices in deciding just what else in a sentence might be considered important. In revising the example passage, we made certain decisions about what to omit and what to emphasize. We put subjects and verbs together to lessen the reader’s syntactic burdens; we put the material we believed worthy of emphasis in stress positions; and we discarded material for which we could not discern significant connections. In doing so, we have produced a clearer passagebut not one that necessarily reflects the author’s intentions; it reflects only our interpretation of the author’s intentions. The more problematic the structure, the less likely it becomes that a grand majority of readers will perceive the discourse in exactly the way the author intended. T he information that begins a sentence establishes  for the reader a perspective for viewing the sentence as a unit. It is probable that many of our readersand perhaps even the authorswill disagree with some of our choices. If so, that disagreement underscores our point: The original failed to communicate its ideas and their connections clearly. If we happened to have interpreted the passage as you did, then we can make a different point: No one should have to work as hard as we did to unearth the content of a single passage of this length. The Topic Position To summarize the principles connected with the stress position, we have the proverbial wisdom, Save the best for last. To summarize the principles connected with the other end of the sentence, which we will call the topic position, we have its proverbial contradiction, First things first. In the stress position the reader needs and expects closure and fulfillment; in the topic position the reader needs and expects perspective and context. With so much of reading comprehension affected by what shows up in the topic position, it behooves a writer to control what appears at the beginning of sentences with great care. The information that begins a sentence  establishes for the reader a perspective for viewing the sentence as a unit: Readers expect a unit of discourse to be a story about whoever shows up first. Bees disperse pollen and Pollen is dispersed by bees are two different but equally respectable sentences about the same facts. The first tells us something about bees; the second tells us something about pollen. The passivity of the second sentence does not by itself impair its quality; in fact, Pollen is dispersed by bees is the superior sentence if it appears in a paragraph that intends to tell us a continuing story about pollen. Pollen’s story at that moment is a passive one. Readers also expect the material occupying the topic position to provide them with linkage (looking backward) and context (looking forward). The information in the topic position prepares the reader for upcoming material by connecting it backward to the previous discussion. Although linkage and context can derive from several sources, they stem primarily from material that the reader has already encountered within this particular piece of discourse. We refer to this familiar, previously introduced material as old information. Conversely, material making its first appearance in a discourse is new information. When new information is important enough to receive emphasis, it functions best in the stress position. When old information consistently arrives in the topic position, it helps readers to construct the logical flow of the argument: It focuses attention on one particular strand of the discussion, both harkening backward and leaning forward. In contrast, if the topic position is constantly occupied by material that fails to establish linkage and context, readers will have difficulty perceiving both the connection to the previous sentence and the projected role of the new sentence in the development of the paragraph as a whole. Here is a second example of scientific prose that we shall attempt to improve in subsequent discussion: Large earthquakes along a given fault segment do not occur at random intervals because it takes time to accumulate the strain energy for the rupture. The rates at which tectonic plates move and accumulate strain at their boundaries are approximately uniform. Therefore, in first approximation, one may expect that large ruptures of the same fault segment will occur at approximately constant time intervals. If subsequent main shocks have different amounts of slip across the fault, then the recurrence time may vary, and the basic idea of periodic mainshocks must be modified. For great plate boundary ruptures the length and slip often vary by a factor of 2. Along the southern segment of the San Andreas fault the recurrence interval is 145 years with variations of several decades. The smaller the standard deviation of the average recurrence interval, the more specific could be the long term prediction of a future mainshock. This is the kind of passage that in subtle ways can make readers feel badly about themselves. The individual sentences give the impression of being intelligently fashioned: They are not especially long or convoluted; their vocabulary is appropriately professional but not beyond the ken of educated general readers; and they are free of grammatical and dictional errors. On first reading, however, many of us arrive at the paragraph’s end without a clear sense of where we have been or where we are going. When that happens, we tend to berate ourselves for not having paid close enough attention. In reality, the fault lies not with us, but with the author. We can distill the problem by looking closely at the information in each sentence’s topic position: Large earthquakes The rates Therefore one subsequent mainshocks great plate boundary ruptures the southern segment of the San Andreas fault the smaller the standard deviation Much of this information is making its first appearance in this paragraphin precisely the spot where the reader looks for old, familiar information. As a result, the focus of the story constantly shifts. Given just the material in the topic positions, no two readers would be likely to construct exactly the same story for the paragraph as a whole. If we try to piece together the relationship of each sentence to its neighbors, we notice that certain bits of old information keep reappearing. We hear a good deal about the recurrence time between earthquakes: The first sentence introduces the concept of nonrandom intervals between earthquakes; the second sentence tells us that recurrence rates due to the movement of tectonic plates are more or less uniform; the third sentence adds that the recurrence rates of major earthquakes should also be somewhat predictable; the fourth sentence adds that recurrence rates vary with some conditions; the fifth sentence adds information about one particular variation; the sixth sentence adds a recurrence-rate example from California; and the last sentence tells us  something about how recurrence rates can be described statistically. This refrain of recurrence intervals constitutes the major string of old information in the paragraph. Unfortunately, it rarely appears at the beginning of sentences, where it would help us maintain our focus on its continuing story. In reading, as in most experiences, we appreciate the opportunity to become familiar with a new environment before having to function in it. Writing that continually begins sentences with new information and ends with old information forbids both the sense of comfort and orientation at the start and the sense of fulfilling arrival at the end. It misleads the reader as to whose story is being told; it burdens the reader with new information that must be carried further into the sentence before it can be connected to the discussion; and it creates ambiguity as to which material the writer intended the reader to emphasize. All of these distractions require that readers expend a disproportionate amount of energy to unravel the structure of the prose, leaving less energy available for perceiving content. We can begin to revise the example by ensuring the following for each sentence: 1. The backward-linking old information appears in the topic position. 2. The person, thing or concept whose story it is appears in the topic position. 3. The new, emphasis-worthy information appears in the stress position. Once again, if our decisions concerning the relative values of specific information differ from yours, we can all blame the author, who failed to make his intentions apparent. Here first is a list of what we perceived to be the new, emphatic material in each sentence: time to accumulate strain energy along a fault approximately uniform large ruptures of the same fault different amounts of slip vary by a factor of 2 variations of several decades predictions of future mainshock Now, based on these assumptions about what deserves stress, here is our proposed revision: Large earthquakes along a given fault segment do not occur at random intervals because it takes time to accumulate the strain energy for the rupture. The rates at which tectonic plates move and accumulate strain at their boundaries are roughly uniform. Therefore, nearly constant time intervals (at first approximation) would be expected between large ruptures of the same fault segment. [However? ], the recurrence time may vary; the basic idea of periodic mainshocks may need to be modified if subsequent mainshocks have different amounts of slip across the fault. [Indeed? ], the length and slip of great plate boundary ruptures often vary by a factor of 2. [For example? ], the recurrence intervals along the southern segment of the San Andreas fault is 145 years with variations of several decades. The smaller the standard deviation of the average recurrence interval, the more specific could be the long term prediction of a future mainshock. Many problems that had existed in the original have now surfaced for the first time. Is the reason earthquakes do not occur at random intervals stated in the first sentence or in the second? Are the suggested choices of however, indeed, and for example the right ones to express the connections at those points? (All these connections were left unarticulated in the original paragraph. ) If for example is an inaccurate transitional phrase, then exactly how does the San Andreas fault example connect to ruptures that vary by a factor of 2? Is the author arguing that recurrence rates must vary because fault movements often vary? Or is the author preparing us for a discussion of how in spite of such variance we might still be able to predict earthquakes? This last question remains unanswered because the final sentence.

International and Strategic Marketing Essay Example for Free

International and Strategic Marketing Essay The globalization of business markets from domestic to international has generated a unique competitive advantage for all the organizations whose products and services are being welcomed by the customers all around the world demanding mass marketing efforts. In this regard, marketing research in the international environment is having different methodology and complications with respect to geographical boundaries of a specific country in which penetration and development of a product is required. Therefore, an international market planning with strategic aligned goal, for development in the global world should be the objective of marketers to captivate international market leadership. Introduction The gravity of globalization in today’s modern era in the business world is increasing enormously due to faster means of communication, transportation, technology, and rapid financial streams. The product that is being produced in a specific region does not have limitations of boundaries. A Russian student can be wearing Italian T-shirt, driving in a German car going to meet his friend in a Chinese restaurant. This example is not astonishing because it is a general practice and nowadays everybody can illustrate the true meaning of world global market place. Hence, marketers are required to analyze this gravity of globalization and have to consider international marketing in their strategic goal of marketing plan. Marketing is the well known concept of anticipating customer need or demand then analyzing how marketers are going to fulfill that demand or need and finally satisfying customer need or demand. If the customer is really satisfied by gauging the ultimate benefit from that product or service provided by the marketer than it develops a sense of strong relationship between the customer and the organization, in which the organization give value to the customer and in return customer give value to them by building a strong profitable relationship (Kotler, Armstrong, 2008). International marketing concept is also the same as the general defined concept of marketing but the methodology to enter and penetrate in the international market is not the same as it is in domestic marketing. Indeed the tools and skills to enter in the international market is same but their application differs due the factors which include economy, political and legal system, and most importantly culture and buying behavior of the nation. Hence, the ideology of international marketing can be gauged in this way that the organization which offers its products and services by planning, pricing, promoting, and distributing to more than one nation other than domestic market to earn higher profit   (Cateora et al., 2002). Internationalized Business Operations Many potential organizations tend to bring their operation on global level rather than national level. When the companies move to internationalization the complexity and sophistication of operations change enormously. The basic guidelines for the companies orienting in international market are described by EPRG framework (Wind, Douglas, Perlmutter, 1973). This framework deals with four types of orientation of company going to international market which are: a. Ethnocentrism: In this type of orientation, top management is highly focusing on domestic market as compared to foreign market because its products have already stable and reasonable demand in domestic market. Company considers their foreign sales as surplus to their domestic sales. b. Polycentrism: It is the attitude which arises when the company recognizes that its multi domestic products strategies would not be successful in the host country if the orientation method is same as domestic orientation. Hence, a different marketing program to enter in the international market is required by the company. c. Regiocentrism: In these stages company identifies the similarities of the entire region and enters the regional market by developing integrated strategies of marketing. Such types of orientation capture geographically and economically integrated region such as NAFTA and European Union. d. Geocentrism: In this type of approach company consider the entire global market as its potential market place. This is one of the most important and critical type of approach when companies make single policies for the entire world market. The organizations should have prior focus on going globally because this approach has a great future. Hence, it is proved as well that organizations which are growing globally have gathered tremendous success in the past decades.   International marketing environment An optical company introduced eye glasses in Thailand by running advertizing campaign of cute animals wearing glasses. The advertisement featuring animal was a pathetic choice as in Thailand animals are considered to be the sign of low life and was not respectful for Thais to take that thing which was being used by animal due to which the company had to suffer a loss in spite of modern and unique design of their product (Payne, website). So the main fault was of the company’s marketing research team that they did not gathered   appropriate knowledge of Thai culture and have misjudged the society in which they are going to enter. They did not realize the fact that the marketing environment would be different from the domestic market in which they have achieved the strategic position. When the organization takes the decision of going beyond the domestic market then it needs to cater that there will be significant national differences which will create a different marketing environment than the one it is serving now. This reflects the very fact that the research is need to be conducted in those highlighting factors which will affect its strategic marketing goals. There are many ways by which research can be conducted out of which asking question is the most effective one by which an appropriate answer is obtained (Kumar, 2000). Marketing Research in Saudi Arabia If the analysis is conducted on the differences of factors in the international marketing environment of a country named as Saudi Arabia then it is observed that the main highlighting factors which are to be considered in doing research and which differentiate people of one nation to another are discussed below; a. Culture: Nation with different cultures has different traditional values and demand those products which are not vulnerable to their culture. Saudi Arabia is a Muslim country having Arabs traditional values, they will highly support and promote the product in Saudi market which will either promote their culture or at least accept their culture. b. Economic condition: The economic condition of the nation should be highly considered in marketing research because it defines the purchasing power of the customer which is the main origin of marketing. In Saudi market maximum companies offer luxurious and expensive products because the purchasing power of the nation is high because of rich government having vast amount of natural resources. c. Racial differences: It defines the different physical features of the nation. Like the cosmetic product would be different for the customers of Saudi Arabia as compared to the customers of U.S.A. It is located in such region of Asia in which people have generally different colored skin which is opposite to U.S. nation which do not have the same skin as Saudis’ have. In this regard, the marketing program for the Saudi nation for particularly cosmetic products would be different from that of U.S.A. d. Climate: It defines the different meteorological condition of the country because it has a great impact on the products which have seasonal demands. Saudi Arabia is considered as the hot climate country in which temperature normally rises to 55 0F. For such a hot weather country marketers have taken that as opportunity for them and have introduced such air conditioning system which can sustain the temperature of Saudi Arabia. There would be consider an immature marketing program if the products which are not suitable with the climate of the country are introduced because they are not compatible for that region neither they have market demand in that region. e. Religion: It does reflect in the marketing, in the sense that the product whose ingredients are controversial. In Saudi Arabia the concept of Halal food restricts the entire food manufacturers to penetrate in its markets that violate it and in the same way alcoholic drinks are also not allowed because of their religious jurisdiction. f. Language: In international marketing research, it is one of the most important aspects because it is the effective means of communication and if it is not used in appropriate manner, can cause reverse affect on marketing efforts. Arabic is the native language of Saudi nation and mostly they are unable to understand English, which is a universal language. So, the marketers have analyzed that their all promotion efforts should be translated in Arabic so that the customer really get to know that what the product all about is. Similarly, there are also other factors which marketers have to analyze in the international marketing research mode of environment it has targeted like market facilities and capabilities, political stability of the country, nation psyche etc.

Process for Passing Legislation

Process for Passing Legislation Tim Mulligan Energizing California’s Legislature How to Inspire Legislative and Electorate Action about an Electric Vehicle I have recently invented a solar-electric hybrid vehicle that could have immensely positive effects on drivers of California, and it could also facilitate a significant reduction in the use of fossil fuels in the state. In order for my invention to gain more prevalence throughout the state and to begin making these changes, I will need to have a piece of legislation passed. I believe that individuals who purchase one of my hybrid vehicles should be entitled to a $4,000 tax credit because of the positive impact they are having on the environment. There are several ways to go about this. Legislative Process In order for this appropriations bill to be passed by the California legislature, several things need to happen. I first need to contact my congressman and inform him about my product and the idea that I have for a piece of legislature. This is my primary involvement in the legislative process as I have the chance to speak with my congressman on the merits of my product and the legislation that I would like passed. The legislative process begins when either my state senator or my state assemblyman decides to author the bill for me. After my congressman has authored my bill, it is sent to the Legislative Counsel to be officially drafted into a bill. The newly drafted bill will be sent back to my congressman so that it can be introduced to his or her congressional house, the Senate, or the Assembly. My congressman will read the proposed bill to his/her congressional house and the bill will be sent to the Office of State Printing not to be dealt with for 30 days. Next are the committee hearings. The bill is sent to the Rules Committee where it will be reviewed to see which policy committees in which it needs to be seen. For this specific bill, I believe that it would be sent to committees such as the Appropriations Committee, Environmental Safety and Toxins Committee, Natural Resources Committee and the Revenue and Taxation Committee. This is because the bill deals with a $4,000 tax credit for individuals and also because my product has an impact on the environment and our use of natural resources. These committees can pass the bill as it is out forth by my congressman, pass it with amendment, or they can defeat the bill. If the bill survives the committee process it is then read a second and third time, followed by a roll call vote within the congressman’s congressional house. As an appropriations bill, it would need 27 votes in the senate and 54 votes in the state assembly to be passed. If the bill passes after undergoing this whole process in one of the congressional houses, the process is then repeated in the other house. If both housed approve the bill, it is then sent to the governor where he can either sign it, allow it to become law without his signature, or he can veto it. Use of Lobbyists, Interest Groups and Campaign Contributions The most significant way that I can help my legislation get passed is through the use of lobbyists and interest groups. Lobbyists and interest groups often have very close relationships with members of congress and their influence in the legislative process is invaluable. I would need to employ lobbyists from environmental groups to help communicate with my congressman the advantages that my hybrid vehicle would bring to the state of California. Interest groups can mobilize my idea within the population and lobbyists can promote my idea face to face with my congressman. Campaign contributions are also incredibly influential in the legislative process because there are many interest groups, lobbyists and corperations that can influence congressmen by either contributing to their campaign funds in return for legislative action, or they can withdraw their often massive contributions if the congressman does not support legislature that caters to their best interests. Using Direct Democracy I could also take the route of direct democracy in order to get my legislation passed. This would occur through the initiative process. I would need to make a request for a title and summary for my proposal. Because this process is so expensive I would most likely need to have the help of lobbyists or interest groups. I would also need to hire attourney’s so that my proposal can be drafted in proper legal text. Once the attourney general has prepared a title and summary for my initiative, it is on to the signature process. I would need to acquire a number of signatures in support for the initiative that is equal to the full number of votes that were casted for any governor candidate in the last gubernational election. If I indeed allocate this many signatures, the Secretary of State will include the initiative in the next general election and any special elections subsequent to the intitiatives qualifying. Waging a Successful Direct Democracy Campaign After I have successfully brought my initiative to the ballot, I will need to campaign for it so that I can see that it is passed in the next election. At this point there is no doubt that I will need the aid of interest groups, not only for their public influence but for their campaign funds. I will need to select a sponsor that not only has funds but also has the ability to reach the voters. Research will need to be funded not only to analyze the potential benefits of my hybrid vehicle and the tax credit that it would bring individuals, but to analyze the public opinion and how voters can best be reached. Focus groups will help me to develop my strongest arguments for why my bill should be passed and these ideas will be put forth in advertisements. Television advertisements, radio advertisements and hired interest group lobbyists will be my primary means of campaigning for people to pass my legislation. Pros and Cons of Legislative Process/ Direct Democracy I believe that direct democracy would be the strongest means of getting my hybrid car tax credit passed into legislation. I believe that bills that are proposed to the legislation are often impeded by the partisanship of the members of Congress. This is true not only on a federal level but at the state level. I think that lobbyists can only propel a bill so far into the legislature before partisanship will defeat it, or amend it beyond its primary purpose. The legislative process is a good safeguard for mitigating the number of laws that are passed as well as intensely analyzing their contents before they are passed. But, I do not believe that the legislative process would serve my bill well. Direct democracy would be a good means of getting my legislation passed because I believe that it would be easy to mobilize voters on a bill that could potentially credit them $4,000 for purchasing an already money saving car. The preservation of natural resources is an issue that more and more people are agreeing upon today and I do not believe that anybody would be opposed to a tax credit. I think that my only problem with the direct democracy route would be actually mobilizing people to vote. Because this bill really only effects those who are purchasing my vehicle, the number of people that would feel the need to vote for it would be very small. People do not often vote on things that they feel do not have an effect on them and that could be problem when it comes to mobilizing the electorate to consider my car that effects a small group of people.

The Evolution Of The Atomic Theory :: essays research papers

The Evolution of the Atomic Theory The five atomic theorys of the past two centuries represent the sudden advancement of science in modern times. Begining with a basic theory on the behavior of atoms to the current model, some changes have been made, and some ideas are still the same. Ancient Greek philosophers belived that everything was made up of invisible particles called atmos. Since then the theory of atoms did not progress untill 1803. John Dalton was the first scientist to compose a theory of matter based on atoms. Dalton's atomic theory is based on four concepts. He stated: "1. All elements are composed of atoms, which are indivisable and indestructable particles. 2. All atoms of the same element are exactly alike; in particular, they have the same mass. 3. Atoms of different elements are different; in particular, they have different masses. 4. Compounds are formed by the joining of atoms of two or more elements." 1 All of Dalton's ideas account for the laws of definate and multiple proportions and the law of conservation of mass. Some of Dalton's points are still thought to be true, but over time this origional theory has been modifyed. The first of these modifications came in 1897 when J.J. Thomson discovered the electron. Based on the work of William Crookes and his "Crookes tube" (Cathode-ray tube), Thomson discovered a negative charged particle was the cause of the light produced by the cathode-ray tube. He also discovered that these particles are present in all elements. These cathode-ray particles are now known as electrons. Soon after the discovery of electrons the proton was discovered. This led Thomson to conclude that ther were an equal number of both particles present in the atom. Twelve years later Lord Ernest Rutherford was experimenting with alpha particles. He shot a stream of them at a peice of gold foil surrounded by zinc-sulfide. When an alpha particle strikes ZnS it produces a flash of light. The particles mostly stayed in a constant stream through the foil, but a few were deflected. This led Rutherford to belive that there must be a small, dense cluster of protons in the middle of the atoms to deflect the small number of particles. Neils Bohr was the next physicist to advance the atomic theory. He explained what Rutherford could not about how the electron could stay in orbit around the nucleus. When the electron has little energy it is closer to the nucleus, when it absorbs more energy it travels farther from the nucleus. There is a definate number of electrons that can be in the same orbit. When the orbits closest to the nucleus are filled the atom is at a ground state.

How the Media Portrays the Occupy Wall Street Movement Essay -- Media,

The fact that media can influence politics is readily evident from the campaign trail, to the passing of laws, to grass roots campaigns such as Occupy Wall Street. The Occupy Wall Street campaign has been portrayed negatively by the mainstream media outlets. Newspapers, radio, television, and the internet have painted the movement with offensive undertones, reporting the lows of the movement rather than the revolutionary aspects of the movement. A possible reason that the media has consistently framed this movement in a negative manner is that the movement is operating against the forces of society. This opposing issue between the rich conservative mass media and the Occupy Wall Street movement has drawn the interest of the public from all walks to life to witness the song and dance being framed against the Occupiers. Who is winning this dance off? An examination of the facts will reveal how well this framing is influencing the political forces. The four forces of socialization, or how an audience, technology, the media industry and the product of the various media outlets react in the social world and the social construction of reality or the power to influence have concentrated on the Occupy Wall Street (Croteau, Hoynes, & Milan, 2012). Audiences have tuned into this movement since the first protest in September of 2011 (Occupy Wall Street, 2011). Protestors have been painted as â€Å"a motley collection of punks, anarchists, socialists, hackers, liberals, and artists† (Scherer, 2011, p. 22). A report by CNN (2011) stereotyped the protestors as hypocrites, because they have recently occupied an office near Wall Street, with a copier and furnishings, instead of the parks they had formerly protested from. An Occupy rep resp... ... that the one percent is thriving, while the rest of America is starving, all because big business controls politics in America (Occupy, 2011). It is too early to call, but in the end if Occupiers lose the competition, at least they danced. Works Cited CNN. (2011). Exclusive: Inside offices of Occupy Wall Street. Retrieved from, http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/12/01/exclusive-inside-the-offices-of-occupy-wall-street/ Croteau, D., Hoynes, W., & Milan, S. (2012). Media/society (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Occupy Wall Street. (2011). About. Retrieved from, http://occupywallst.org/about/ Scherer, M. (2011). Taking it to the Streets. Time. 178(16). P. 20-24. Tharoor, I., & Rawlings, N. (2011). ‘The whole world is watching’: Occupy Wall Street stares down NYPD. Retrieved from, http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2096976,00.html

Alexs Restaurant, an ethnography Essay -- Personal Narrative Waitress

Alex's Restaurant, an ethnography The Wiseguys (scene one): *These four old guys (definitely into their late sixties, early seventies) sell cars at one of the dealerships on the boulevard. I would bet fifty dollars that they all work for Cadillac. They come in once a week, on Friday afternoons. They love me. They like to give me a hard time, ask why I don’t love them anymore, when I’m going to run away with them, etc, etc. They are caricatures of car salesmen but are obviously unaware of this. They hold court in Eat Well like it’s 1965 at the Sands, talking in loud voices and telling stories about one another to each other. (â€Å"This guy here, one time he says to me, ‘Paulie’†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) It has been suggested to me that perhaps these old guys are, in fact, aware of their stereotypical niche and of the roles that they assume by coming to have lunch in the restaurant. This is certainly possible and is something that hadn’t occurred to me, so natural and seemingly without irony is their behavior. For the younger generation(s), irony is something that is nearly always acknowledged, either articulated (the perennial gesture of finger-quotation-marks) or thinly disguised as humor. For older people, however, participation in ironic or staged situations need not necessarily be acknowledged. Most of their boisterous comments--well, nearly all--are addressed to my chest. Ordinarily I would comment on this; put a stop to it at once. Ordinarily, that is, if I wasn’t at work. As a self-defined feminist, I am outspoken and assertive when I feel that I am being demeaned or stereotyped. At work, however, I find myself confronted with strange challenges. I am forced to walk a line between power and respect. I am not at liberty to chastise or even... ... had become stifling, claustrophobic, and to be able to bring my perspectives as a student to bear on it was a (surprisingly great) relief. From a feminist perspective, this is a rich area for study. I would like to further explore the subject, to study the relationship between the server and the served†¦as â€Å"the relationship between the waiter and diner is problematic because of the blatant purchase of human service that is involved† (Finklestein, p. 56). This is true, and is further complicated by gender expectations and prejudices. True, attitudes towards these public-private taboos are changing, but there is much to be learned as we continue to adapt. Sources: Dining Out, by Joanne Finklestein, NYU Press, 1989, Chapters 1-4 Woman, Culture and Society, by Michelle Rosaldo, Stanford Press, 1974, pp.17-42. Updated by Jeff Tobin on January 23, 2001

The behaviour of the workers

Part ( a )Read the short infusion from the authoritative survey of Donald Roy and discourse the undermentioned statements:The behavior of the workers was unethical.The behavior of the direction staff was unethical.The first statement set Forth to discourse is true to state in most facets of the article but there are some points made in the article which disproves the statement ‘The behavior of the workers was unethical‘ . The system of the work at the Chicago machine store was unjust to the workers and so it must hold been hard for the workers behave in an ethical mode with the managerial hierarchy at the workshop. I myself worked in a company where there was a welding workshop and the work forces completed the work for their ain benefit and non as aid to the company. The industrial relation issues were chiefly caused by the workers but it was because of old bad direction that let the workers The article foremost describes the workshop ‘s work forces opposition to the directors ‘ control over the workshop work forces. There was clearly a extremely unethical motive for work. Unlike in a good work force where workers are motivated by there directors and communicating is good, alternatively the work forces worked with and for each other to accumulate the most intelligent program against their directors and crush the system in topographic point, ‘relationships that supply support to the operator group in its opposition to and corruption of officially instituted managerial controls on production ‘ . Clearly managerial accomplishments were non decently used to command this conspiring and conniving. The workers were still moving extremely unethical to be doing such control at their degree. The workers, as stated, could work truly difficult but frequently laid back on certain occupations they were deemed impossible and unjust. The workers should hold been working to the best of their ability all the clip as portion of their trueness to the company and directors. Alternatively they played with the system until the reached their most moneymaking solution. ‘Machine operators non merely held back attempt ; sometimes they worked hard. ‘ Obviously the workers were good skilled and they were non being utilised to the best of their ability by their directors but this still does non suit their inducement for work ‘the fluctuation in work attempt ‘ . Another illustration from the infusion about their unjust and â€Å"hopeless prices† was the Gus Schmidt instance where he was â€Å"given a monetary value of $ 1.00 per 100 for reaming one hole, beveling both sides of three holes, and registering burrs on one terminal of one hole.† This is merel y one illustration from the infusion which helps us seek to accept the grounds for the workers unethical behavior. These sorts of rates for work are evidently really put offing for skilled craftsmen. The behavior of the workers in relation to the occupations they had to execute was extremely unethical. For the â€Å"stinkers† of occupations the workers would hold no regard or respect to the company belongings. They besides had no respect for the quality of merchandises they were bring forthing. As a consequence, the oblique actions of the workers could do long term harm the company ‘s repute and provide clients with defective insecure merchandises. ‘Many â€Å"stinkers† would non give before the whitest heat of intelligence or the most high-handed neglect for company property† The grounds for their actions were clear and the director as a leader to the work force should hold corrected this misconduct at that place and so. But any consideration for the company was disregarded by the workers. Communication with direction instead than each other in the planning of malicious actions at work would be a much more ethical solution and could salvage the co mpanies repute. Donald Roy ‘s usage of linguistic communication in the infusion and response to his clip as portion of the work force aid to underscore the workers arch and unethical behavior. Donald Roy describes the personalities and actions of the work forces in the workshop as ‘malicious ‘ , ‘vindictive ‘ , ‘cultivating ‘ , scoffers, ‘prestidigitation ‘ , ‘cavalier ‘ and that ‘s merely to call a position. All of these features of the workers can merely take to the finding of unethical work force. On my work arrangement one could besides depict some of the fitters in this manner. And by stating some, I mean some because all workers do n't act this manner unless enticed to act this manner by a few crooked leaders. This seems to be the same kind of work environment at the piece devising workshop. Although stating this, people have their ain head to do their ain picks in life. As an overall my decision of the workshop work forces in this article is that the behaved extremely unethical. In the 1940 ‘s occupation clime occupations were scarce and so one would believe they would be looking after their occupation instead than endangering it. I could see where the workers were coming from in some of their actions but alternatively of all the conniving and intriguing they should hold been more committed to their company as an employee duty. Simple communicating could hold perchance solved most of their troubles. In comparing to the workers the directors behaved moderately ethical mode. Although as a director it was their duty to be trained in how trade with this unethical behavior. The ethical criterions of the concern should hold been included in staff preparation. The directors at this workshop seemed to about turn a blind oculus to the departures on of the workers. It was unethical for them to believe that merely because the quotas were being reached that it was alright for the workers to command how they work themselves. Besides cognizing that the quota for the production of merchandises was realistically unachievable meant they themselves were criminals every bit good as the workshop work forces. Besides the directors ‘ willingness to turn a blind oculus to the quality of merchandise being manufactured for the populace is socially unethical. Communication is critical in any company and from reading this infusion there is no communicating between direction and workers apparent in this Chicago machine store. From Donald Roy ‘s position it seemed as though the direction did nil to better this faulty communicating ‘It will demo that the relevant components of debatable production state of affairss may include â€Å"lateral† lines of interaction between subgroups of he work force every bit good as â€Å"vertical† connexions between managerial and worker groups.† From my clip on my work arrangement, I can see how these perpendicular connexions can organize and how hard they are to rectify. The director of the oil terminus was continuously keeping meetings to repair the bad communicating and industrial relation issues. This kind of attempt does non look to be present at the work store. The direction are non doing the company as efficient and productive as they are able to. The workers are able to â€Å"make-out† which reflects severely on both directors and workers. Some of the workers are clearly intelligent people bearing in head they are able to â€Å"figure the angles† for optimal return for themselves. Although all the intelligence used by the workers is strictly revengeful to contend the systems set in topographic point by direction it could be utilised for a greater benefit to the company. Not merely were the workers damaging the company ‘s repute but the directors were besides. The directors should hold a sufficient system in topographic point to look into the quality of the pieces being green goodss for the clients. The system at the workshop encouraged unethical behavior by presenting fillips to measure over quality. There is no grounds from this infusion for publicity of quality in the workshop and such managerial behavior should be regarded as unethical in my sentiment. Having made my points for the directors unethical I besides believe they were seeking to get the better of the corrupt work store. They were merely looking at it from their ain positions and did non acquire the input of the workers. ‘The â€Å"syndicate† besides proved unequal in besieging each of a series of â€Å"new rules† and â€Å"new systems† introduced by direction to bowdlerize all alterations and improvisations and coerce a rigorous attachment to the regulations ‘ This illustration illustrates the directors ‘ willingness to implement alteration. The methods of amending the workers system did non offer an economic advantage to the worker and so would non do as a solution to the corrupt working system. Throughout the infusion the moral values and regulations of the direction vary. The directors do try to alter the current corrupt system but they are besides individual minded in believing they have the best solution which they obviously do non. They moreover do non look to follow up on the illegal actions of â€Å"making-out† performed by the operators. To reason on whether direction behaved unethical this infusion I will state, one can non hold unethical workers without some influence from unethical directors ‘ .Part ( B )Describe any alterations to the operation of the machine store that you would do if you were appointed director. I know that in the 1940 ‘s industrial dealingss were nil like they are now but the most of import things for the directors to alter is the degree of communicating between the director and the workers. Directors are the people specifically responsible for accomplishing the aims for the company. [ 2 ] The directors of the Chicago piece doing company make non with keep the indispensable direction activities ( planning, organizing and commanding ) or the direction accomplishments ( taking, pass oning and actuating ) . Managers ‘ must besides be capable of alteration and I would promote alter both with the workers and directors. Although perchance non allow for the 1940 ‘s, I would engage a human resource director to cover with the intensifying problem in industrial relation issues. The issue of unachievable fillips should be resolved by either extinguishing that method of productiveness or a just bound should be agreed upon. Communication as stated in the article is non present in the company and is an of import issue. Communication would greatly better the ethical behavior and the efficiency of the workshop. The extract provinces on many occasions that communicating is non present, one such illustration is ; ‘The procedure that is reputedly in demand of attending: communicating ‘ The directors need to be trained in communicating accomplishments. This involves verbal, written and ocular communicating. For effectual communicating the directors need to let provender back from the workers. As a director I would let the workers to voice their sentiments. Feedback would assist work out the issue with the fillips because as a consequence a just bound could be established by both parties. A 3rd party who is non-biased should be introduced ab initio until trust has developed between direction and workers. A 3rd party could do the fairest determination in this hostile environment. A quotation mark from Richard Branson, president of Virgin Group, on motive, which sums up the company in inquiry ; â€Å"If you have happy extremely motivated staff you can accomplish anything. If you have demoralised staff your company will shortly disappear.† I think a better method of motive for the workshop would be utilizing the Maslow ‘s theory of motive instead the fillip system in being used by the directors. This theory is aimed at bettering the morale and inducement of the workers. Self-actualisation is the most of import of human demands, as stated in Maslow ‘s theory, and is achieved by publicity. I think if the workers are motivated by occupation chances such as a managerial place of supervisor they will be more dedicated to the company. More dedication would ensue in better quality merchandises and more efficient productiveness. Bing a director of the workshop I would concentrate on this managerial accomplishment merely every bit much as communicating. Introducing a human resource director would assist to bit by bit mend the jobs of the workshop. The responsibilities of a human resource director include, pull offing industrial dealingss, rewarding, protecting, human resource planning, measuring, preparation and enlisting. [ 1 ] Pull offing the industrial dealingss at the workshop would decide the struggle between workers and the directors. The HR director could honor the workers suitably for work done in replacing of the fillip system or they could better the current system in the infusion. Workers who feel they are being treated unjustly could avail of protection from the HR director when pass oning with directors. Performance assessment in the workshop would assist supervisors supervise more specifically what workers are making and workers would hold ends and marks to work for. The HR director would guarantee all safety, communicating and any other relevant preparation was being carried out. All of these issues being addressed by a human resource director would acquire the company closer to an ethically witting work topographic point. I, as a director, would hold extremely developed planning, actuating and communicating accomplishments. I would be willing for alteration and insist that the workers were excessively. I conclude that I would extinguish the fillip system and alternatively implement the Maslow ‘s theory of motive. I eventually think using a human resource director would be of the extreme importance.